KKR - KKR & Co Inc Stock Price, Fair Value and News

95.55USD-1.22 (-1.26%)Delayed as of 25 Apr 2024, 12:29 pm ET

Market Summary

USD95.55-1.22

Delayedas of 25 Apr 2024, 12:29 pm

-1.26%

KKR Stock Price

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KKR RSI Chart

KKR Valuation

Market Cap

85.6B

Price/Earnings (Trailing)

22.94

Price/Sales (Trailing)

5.91

EV/EBITDA

6.9

Price/Free Cashflow

-57.32

KKR Price/Sales (Trailing)

KKR Profitability

EBT Margin

45.21%

Return on Equity

16.33%

Return on Assets

1.18%

Free Cashflow Yield

-1.74%

KKR Fundamentals

KKR Revenue

Revenue (TTM)

14.5B

Rev. Growth (Yr)

75.44%

Rev. Growth (Qtr)

33.61%

KKR Earnings

Earnings (TTM)

3.7B

Earnings Growth (Yr)

651.97%

Earnings Growth (Qtr)

-30.18%

Breaking Down KKR Revenue

52 Week Range

47.7995.59

(Low)(High)

Last 7 days

2.2%

Last 30 days

-4.1%

Last 90 days

13.4%

Trailing 12 Months

89.6%

How does KKR drawdown profile look like?

KKR Financial Health

Debt/Equity

0.37

Debt/Cashflow

-0.07

KKR Investor Care

Dividend Yield

0.68%

Dividend/Share (TTM)

0.66

Shares Dilution (1Y)

2.78%

Diluted EPS (TTM)

4.09

Historical Charts for Stock Metrics

Get all data in R, Python etc through our Historical Stock Data APIs

Net sales

Year	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4
2023	7.8B	11.1B	12.6B	14.5B
2022	12.7B	9.8B	7.2B	5.7B
2021	9.8B	11.6B	14.2B	16.2B
2020	0	4.3B	5.1B	6.3B
2019	2.5B	3.1B	3.7B	4.3B
2018	3.3B	3.2B	3.6B	2.0B
2017	2.1B	3.0B	3.0B	3.6B
2016	5.1B	4.1B	3.1B	2.0B
2015	6.5B	7.8B	7.0B	6.2B
2014	8.7B	10.7B	9.3B	6.5B
2013	8.2B	6.8B	6.9B	8.9B
2012	3.7B	5.9B	8.2B	9.1B
2011	9.0B	9.2B	5.3B	1.5B
2010	8.1B	8.5B	8.8B	9.2B
2009	0	0	0	7.8B

Get all data in R, Python etc through our Historical Stock Data APIs

Tracking the Latest Insider Buys and Sells of KKR & Co Inc

Filter Transactions

Datesorted ascending	Name	Buy/Sell	$ Value	Avg. Price	# Shares	Title
Mar 06, 2024	kravis henry r	gifted	-	-	-500,000	co-executive chairman
Oct 02, 2023	brown adriane m	acquired	-	-	3,029	-
Oct 02, 2023	ross kimberly a.	acquired	-	-	3,029	-
Oct 02, 2023	niel xavier bruno	acquired	-	-	3,029	-
Oct 02, 2023	spiegel evan	acquired	-	-	3,029	-
Oct 02, 2023	scully robert w	acquired	-	-	3,029	-
Oct 02, 2023	cohler matt	acquired	-	-	3,029	-
Oct 02, 2023	gutierrez arturo	acquired	-	-	3,029	-
Oct 02, 2023	dillon mary n	acquired	-	-	3,029	-
Oct 02, 2023	holmes dane e	acquired	-	-	3,029	-

Which funds bought or sold KKR recently?

View All Details

Datesorted ascending	Fund Name	Type	% Chg	$ Change	$ Held	% Portfolio
Apr 23, 2024	CIGNA INVESTMENTS INC /NEW	reduced	-1.64	113,000	693,000	0.13%
Apr 23, 2024	Strategic Blueprint, LLC	reduced	-20.87	-206,686	5,046,500	0.36%
Apr 23, 2024	ZIMMERMANN INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT & PLANNING LLC	added	7.82	289,959	1,228,480	0.44%
Apr 23, 2024	AMALGAMATED BANK	reduced	-35.79	-1,108,000	3,917,000	0.03%
Apr 23, 2024	James J. Burns & Company, LLC	sold off	-100	-997,000	-	-%
Apr 23, 2024	Principle Wealth Partners LLC	added	100	769,015	1,307,540	0.05%
Apr 23, 2024	Livforsakringsbolaget Skandia, Omsesidigt	unchanged	-	24,024	136,272	0.01%
Apr 23, 2024	MGB Wealth Management, LLC	new	-	422,535	422,535	0.21%
Apr 23, 2024	Global Retirement Partners, LLC	added	3.28	62,658	291,665	0.01%
Apr 23, 2024	REGIONS FINANCIAL CORP	added	15.81	876,298	3,035,200	0.02%

Are Funds Buying or Selling KKR?

Are funds buying KKR calls or puts?

Calls

Puts

No. of funds holding Calls - Puts

Net Call Options

No. of funds that own KKR

No. of Funds

Unveiling KKR & Co Inc's Major ShareHolders

Date Filed	Name of Filer	Percent of Class	No. of Shares	Form Type
Feb 13, 2024	roberts george r	10.0%	88,192,855	SC 13G/A
Feb 13, 2024	kravis henry r	9.4%	83,370,688	SC 13G/A
Feb 13, 2023	kkr holdings l.p	0%	0	SC 13G/A
Feb 09, 2023	vanguard group inc	4.52%	38,946,748	SC 13G/A
Jan 10, 2023	guggenheim capital llc	0%	0	SC 13G/A
Sep 08, 2022	blackrock inc.	-	0	SC 13G/A
Sep 08, 2022	blackrock inc.	4.2%	36,097,470	SC 13G/A
Feb 11, 2022	kkr holdings l.p	30.3%	258,726,163	SC 13G/A
Feb 09, 2022	vanguard group inc	5.64%	33,016,281	SC 13G/A
Feb 08, 2022	blackrock inc.	6.7%	39,150,255	SC 13G/A

Recent SEC filings of KKR & Co Inc

View All Filings

Date Filed	Form Type	Document
Apr 10, 2024	8-K	Current Report
Apr 10, 2024	8-K	Current Report
Apr 03, 2024	4	Insider Trading
Apr 01, 2024	4	Insider Trading
Mar 28, 2024	4	Insider Trading
Mar 27, 2024	8-K	Current Report
Mar 15, 2024	4	Insider Trading
Mar 11, 2024	4	Insider Trading
Mar 08, 2024	4	Insider Trading
Mar 08, 2024	4	Insider Trading

Peers (Alternatives to KKR & Co Inc)

Name	Mkt Capsorted ascending	Revenue	Price %, 1M	Returns, 1Y	P/E	P/S	Rev 1-Yr	Inc 1-Yr
LARGE-CAP
BLK	113.6B	17.9B	-6.59%	15.57%	20.64	6.36	-0.08%	6.26%
BX	88.4B	8.0B	-3.94%	43.19%	63.59	11.02	-5.81%	-20.41%
BK	43.7B	20.6B	2.48%	37.58%	13.3	2.12	87.93%	27.71%
ARES	41.8B	3.6B	1.65%	63.32%	88.19	11.52	18.87%	183.11%
BEN	13.3B	7.9B	-7.18%	-3.39%	13.78	1.7	-1.81%	-3.56%
MID-CAP
IVZ	6.5B	5.7B	-9.31%	-13.63%	-19.53	1.14	-5.50%	-148.79%
AMG	5.3B	2.1B	-0.92%	15.63%	7.9	2.58	-11.67%	-41.28%
AB	3.8B	-	-0.68%	-2.67%	14.52	-	-	-3.64%
CNS	3.5B	489.6M	-4.98%	17.69%	27.16	7.16	-13.63%	-24.55%
APAM	3.4B	975.1M	-3.96%	22.39%	15.19	3.46	-1.83%	7.51%
AMK	2.6B	708.5M	-1.44%	9.89%	21.07	3.66	15.83%	19.23%
SMALL-CAP
BSIG	881.8M	426.6M	2.44%	-	13.4	2.07	2.25%	-34.59%
PX	881.2M	241.7M	-5.24%	-23.95%	-128.06	3.65	21.87%	-123.56%
AINC	16.5M	746.8M	112.00%	-54.83%	-3.56	0.02	15.88%	-226.93%
AC	706.0K	25.3M	-0.30%	-11.76%	0.02	0.03	137.10%	176.58%

KKR & Co Inc News

Latest updates

KKR & Co Inc Earnings Report: Key Takeaways & Analysis

Income Statement (Last 12 Months)

(In Millions)

(*) denotes actual numbers (not divided by Millions)
Income Statement (Quarterly)																					(In Millions)
Description	(%) Q/Q	2023Q4	2023Q3	2023Q2	2023Q1	2022Q4	2022Q3	2022Q2	2022Q1	2021Q4	2021Q3	2021Q2	2021Q1	2020Q4	2020Q3	2020Q2	2019Q4	2019Q3	2019Q2	2019Q1	2018Q4	2018Q3
Revenue	33.6%	4,430	3,315	3,627	3,127	2,525	1,856	323	999	4,043	4,483	3,136	4,563	2,005	1,895	1,332	1,063	790	1,156	1,336	1,233	1,130
EBITDA Margin	9.4%	0.65*	0.59*	0.34*	0.03*	0.15*	0.31*	0.57*	0.95*	0.93*	1.32*	1.58*	1.60*	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Interest Expenses	3.7%	751	724	720	576	549	392	329	282	275	278	265	252	245	224	240	261	269	265	249	242	211
Income Taxes	-34.4%	287	437	325	149	110	82.00	-102	37.00	233	379	344	439	404	359	206	143	53.00	165	168	-143	-129
Earnings Before Taxes	-33.5%	1,876	2,819	1,451	408	129	206	-1,916	1,289	1,225	3,661	4,607	4,354	4,824	3,334	2,157	1,457	390	1,527	1,795	-1,213	1,223
EBT Margin	18.4%	0.45*	0.38*	0.13*	-0.25*	-0.19*	0.08*	0.41*	0.84*	0.84*	1.23*	1.48*	1.50*	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Net Income	-30.2%	1,040	1,490	862	340	138	50.00	-717	7.00	591	1,157	1,315	1,670	1,511	1,065	707	523	250	523	709	-384	649
Net Income Margin	14.5%	0.26*	0.22*	0.10*	-0.06*	-0.15*	-0.02*	0.10*	0.24*	0.29*	0.40*	0.48*	0.51*	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Free Cashflow	-43.8%	1,107	1,971	-2,673	-1,966	-681	-1,519	-4,097	883	-3,652	-2,285	-1,268	-107	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Balance Sheet

(In Millions)

(*) denotes actual numbers (not divided by Millions)
Balance Sheet																					(In Millions)
Description	(%) Q/Q	2023Q4	2023Q3	2023Q2	2023Q1	2022Q4	2021Q4	2021Q3	2021Q2	2021Q1	2020Q4	2020Q3	2020Q2	2020Q1	2019Q4	2019Q3	2019Q2	2019Q1	2018Q4	2018Q3	2018Q2	2018Q1
Assets	9.9%	317,294	288,733	284,271	279,809	275,347	94,122	265,800	229,235	216,445	51,791	70,655	62,110	55,601	60,899	57,645	57,524	52,004	50,743	50,344	48,573	47,579
Cash Equivalents	77.7%	20,808	11,711	10,749	9,729	13,385	10,526	12,513	12,018	10,978	6,993	5,888	3,739	3,270	3,237	3,626	3,191	2,787	2,642	3,295	3,282	2,808
Liabilities	14.0%	258,915	227,135	224,749	222,362	219,976	-	208,742	176,736	170,142	39,007	36,612	32,716	29,011	30,397	29,060	29,242	25,796	25,361	24,204	24,285	25,810
Long Term Debt	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	33,424	31,452	28,677	26,265	27,013	25,281	25,686	22,262	22,341	20,266	19,972	22,041
Shareholder's Equity	12.0%	22,859	20,408	9.00	56,979	18,808	58,238	56,964	6,201	5,007	6.00	34,044	29,395	8,456	19,695	28,585	8,252	26,208	24,260	9,007	12,913	11,983
Retained Earnings	10.0%	9,818	8,924	-	-	6,701	7,670	7,247	6,201	5,007	3,441	2,038	1,057	434	1,792	1,346	1,173	726	92.00	551	-	-
Additional Paid-In Capital	1.3%	17,549	17,327	-	-	16,284	8,997	8,736	8,700	8,708	8,688	8,594	8,460	8,456	8,566	8,332	8,252	8,145	8,106	8,005	-	-
Shares Outstanding	0.0%	885	885	858	861	861	596	583	583	578	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Minority Interest	-14.4%	34,905	40,769	-	-	36,411	40,475	40,031	36,338	31,535	27,083	21,846	19,440	17,264	19,695	18,467	18,407	16,885	15,610	16,063	-	-
Float	-	-	-	36,300	-	-	-	-	33,100	-	-	-	16,500	-	-	-	13,100	-	-	-	12,100	-

Cashflow (Last 12 Months)

(In Thousands)

(*) denotes actual numbers (not divided by Thousands)
Cashflow (Quarterly)																					(In Thousands)
Description	(%) Q/Q	2023Q4	2023Q3	2023Q2	2023Q1	2022Q4	2022Q3	2022Q2	2022Q1	2021Q4	2021Q3	2021Q2	2021Q1	2020Q4	2020Q3	2020Q2	2020Q1	2019Q4	2019Q3	2019Q2	2019Q1	2018Q4
Cashflow From Operations	-43.8%	1,107,124	1,971,073	-2,639,121	-1,932,888	-647,535	-1,485,052	-4,063,490	916,818	-3,618,209	-2,251,191	-1,234,142	-73,166	-1,806,348	-1,409,406	-1,331,533	-1,406,406	-2,169,369	-398,942	-3,270,122	156,278	-2,366,428
Share Based Compensation	-4.3%	140,216	146,586	147,532	184,135	170,615	174,113	216,716	168,792	233,493	119,620	88,541	88,162	130,114	64,263	61,002	71,379	72,388	100,310	22,803	78,268	124,588
Cashflow From Investing	175.5%	812,968	-1,076,760	199,389	-3,818,533	-2,966,110	-3,589,124	-5,094,209	-1,997,829	-2,588,310	-4,468,672	-2,172,530	-376,036	-41,917	-35,840	-30,185	-45,444	-43,537	-18,711	-125,208	-19,906	-35,273
Cashflow From Financing	6759.8%	7,142,660	104,124	3,454,336	2,072,968	5,404,339	4,346,022	8,158,529	4,146,476	4,237,880	7,231,363	4,435,609	4,459,142	2,916,347	3,566,243	1,810,897	1,510,217	1,804,939	874,425	3,798,377	7,248	1,746,500
Dividend Payments	3.2%	146,026	141,516	142,273	133,470	133,472	133,274	91,854	85,741	84,776	84,539	84,310	77,804	76,842	75,485	75,256	69,741	68,777	68,139	67,951	66,619	66,101
Buy Backs	293516.7%	8,809	3.00	272,224	-	-	-	-	346,651	166,056	-	12.00	71,366	-	-	-	246,160	43,558	-	-	28,566	92,460

KKR Income Statement

2023-12-31

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Revenues
Net Premiums	$ 1,975,675	$ 1,182,461	$ 2,226,078
Net Investment Income	5,514,902	4,118,246	2,845,623
Total Revenues	14,499,312	5,704,180	16,226,040
Expenses
Total Expenses	12,358,605	5,997,816	11,214,266
Investment Income (Loss) - Asset Management
Net Gains (Losses) from Investment Activities	3,025,383	(1,665,537)	7,720,923
Dividend Income	791,160	1,322,447	698,800
Interest Income	3,369,447	1,895,282	1,485,470
Interest Expense	(2,772,088)	(1,550,777)	(1,070,368)
Total Investment Income (Loss)	4,413,902	1,415	8,834,825
Income (Loss) Before Taxes	6,554,609	(292,221)	13,846,599
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	1,197,523	125,393	1,394,882
Net Income (Loss)	5,357,086	(417,614)	12,451,717
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests	(5,405)	2,792	4,060
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests	1,630,230	101,258	7,715,251
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to KKR & Co. Inc.	3,732,261	(521,664)	4,732,406
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to KKR & Co. Inc. Common Stockholders	3,680,514	(590,664)	4,626,759
Series A Preferred Stock Dividends
Investment Income (Loss) - Asset Management
Preferred Stock Dividends	0	0	23,656
Series B Preferred Stock Dividends
Investment Income (Loss) - Asset Management
Preferred Stock Dividends	0	0	12,991
Series C Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock Dividends
Investment Income (Loss) - Asset Management
Preferred Stock Dividends	$ 51,747	$ 69,000	$ 69,000
Common Stock
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to KKR & Co. Inc. Per Share of Common Stock
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ 4.24	$ (0.79)	$ 7.95
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 4.09	$ (0.79)	$ 7.42
Weighted Average Shares of Common Stock Outstanding
Basic (in shares)	867,496,813	749,504,970	582,258,984
Diluted (in shares)	911,787,433	749,504,970	633,092,865
Asset Management
Revenues
Fees and Other	$ 2,963,869	$ 2,821,627	$ 2,850,154
Capital Allocation-Based Income (Loss)	2,843,437	(2,500,509)	6,842,414
Total Revenues	5,807,306	321,118	9,692,568
Expenses
Compensation and Benefits	3,012,687	1,144,666	4,428,743
Occupancy and Related Charges	93,391	77,271	69,084
General, Administrative and Other	1,056,899	993,548	959,077
Total Expenses	4,162,977	2,215,485	5,456,904
Insurance
Revenues
Net Premiums	1,975,675	1,182,461	2,226,078
Policy Fees	1,260,249	1,261,721	1,137,805
Net Investment Income	5,514,902	4,118,246	2,845,623
Net Investment-Related Gains (Losses)	(235,262)	(1,318,490)	203,753
Other Income	176,442	139,124	120,213
Total Revenues	8,692,006	5,383,062	6,533,472
Expenses
General, Administrative and Other	746,215	718,977	555,321
Net Policy Benefits and Claims (including market risk benefit loss (gain) of $224,380, $(673,399) and $(152,424), respectively; remeasurement (gain) loss on policy liabilities: $15,497, $(57,128) and $(71,227), respectively.)	6,362,257	2,358,238	4,816,879
Amortization of Policy Acquisition Costs	87,275	55,349	(35,377)
Interest Expense	173,883	87,182	61,661
Insurance Expenses	825,998	562,585	358,878
Total Expenses	$ 8,195,628	$ 3,782,331	$ 5,757,362

About KKR & Co Inc

KKR & Co. Inc. is a private equity and real estate investment firm specializing in direct and fund of fund investments. It specializes in acquisitions, leveraged buyouts, management buyouts, credit special situations, growth equity, mature, mezzanine, distressed, turnaround, lower middle market and middle market investments. The firm considers investments in all industries with a focus on software, security, semiconductors, consumer electronics, internet of things (iot), internet, information services, information technology infrastructure, financial technology, network and cyber security architecture, engineering and operations, content, technology and hardware, energy and infrastructure, real estate, services industry with a focus on business services, intelligence, industry-leading franchises and companies in natural resource, containers and packaging, agriculture, airports, ports, forestry, electric utilities, textiles, apparel and luxury goods, household durables, digital media, insurance, brokerage houses, non-durable goods distribution, supermarket retailing, grocery stores, food, beverage, and tobacco, hospitals, entertainment venues and production companies, publishing, printing services, capital goods, financial services, specialized finance, pipelines, and renewable energy. In energy and infrastructure, it focuses on the upstream oil and gas and equipment, minerals and royalties and services verticals. In real estate, the firm seeks to invest in private and public real estate securities including property-level equity, debt and special situations transactions and businesses with significant real estate holdings, and oil and natural gas properties. The firm also invests in asset services sector that encompasses a broad array of B2B, B2C and B2G services verticals including asset-based, transport, logistics, leisure/hospitality, resource and utility support, infra-like, mission-critical, and environmental services. Within Americas, the firm prefers to invest in consumer products; chemicals, metals and mining; energy and natural resources; financial services; healthcare; industrials; media and communications; retail; and technology. Within Europe, the firm invests in consumer and retail; energy; financial services; health care; industrials and chemicals; media and digital; and telecom and technologies. Within Asia, it invests in consumer products; energy and resources; financial services; healthcare; industrials; logistics; media and telecom; retail; real estate; and technology. It also seeks to make impact investments focused on identifying and investing behind businesses with positive social or environmental impact. The firm seeks to invest in mid to high-end residential developments, but can invest in other projects throughout Mainland China through outright ownership, joint ventures, and merger. It invests globally with a focus on Australia, emerging and developed Asia, Middle East and Africa, Nordic, Southeast Asia, Asia Pacific, Ireland, Hong Kong, Japan, Taiwan, India, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, France, Germany, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Caribbean, Mexico, South America, North America, Brazil, Latin America, Korea with a focus on South Korea, and United States of America. In the United States and Europe, the firm focuses on buyouts of large, publicly traded companies. It seeks to invest $30 million to $717 million in companies with enterprise values between $500 million to $2389 million. The firm prefers to invest in a range of debt and public equity investing and may co-invest. It seeks a board seat in its portfolio companies and a controlling ownership of a company or a strategic minority positions. The firm may acquire majority and minority equity interests, particularly when making private equity investments in Asia or sponsoring investments as part of a large investor consortium. The firm typically holds its investment for a period of five to seven years and more and exits through initial p

CEO	Mr. Joseph Y. Bae
WEBSITE	kkr.com
INDUSTRY	Asset Management
EMPLOYEES	4150

KKR & Co Inc Frequently Asked Questions

What is the ticker symbol for KKR & Co Inc? What does KKR stand for in stocks?

KKR is the stock ticker symbol of KKR & Co Inc. Every public company that trades on a stock exchange gets a ticker symbol.

What is the market capital of KKR & Co Inc (KKR)?

As of Wed Apr 24 2024, market cap of KKR & Co Inc is 85.62 Billion. The market capitalization is calculated by multiplying the stock price with the number of shares outstanding.

What is the fair value of KKR stock?

You can check KKR's fair value in chart for subscribers.

What is the fair value of KKR stock?

You can check KKR's fair value in chart for subscribers. The fair value of KKR & Co Inc is provided for various growth and macro-economic scenarios from very pessimiatic to very optimistic assumptions. These fair values are estimates from Grufity's Fair Value model based on company's past performance. However, past performance of KKR & Co Inc is no guarantee of future performance. These fairvalue estimates should only be used as one of the inputs in your stock analysis. We provide model's historical fair value estimates for KKR so that you know how good or bad the model has been in the past so you can discard it if needed. There are others that provide fair values of stocks such as wallmine, finbox, gurufocus and finviz. Most provide point in time estimates. We provide a history of our models fair value estimates so that you can get a sense of it's usefulness. Otherwise this data point is of little use.

Is KKR & Co Inc a good stock to buy?

The fair value guage provides a quick view whether KKR is over valued or under valued. Whether KKR & Co Inc is cheap or expensive depends on the assumptions which impact KKR & Co Inc's fair value. We provide several scenarios of inflation and growth to encompass these range of assumptions for KKR.

What is KKR & Co Inc's Price to Earnings (PE) and Price to sales (PS) ratio?

As of Wed Apr 24 2024, KKR's PE ratio (Price to Earnings) is 22.94 and Price to Sales (PS) ratio is 5.91. The price to earnings and price to sales ratio are two most important valuation metrics for any company. PE ratio tell us the number of years of earnings investors are ready to pay for owning the company. Historically, S&P500 price to earnings ratio has fallen below 12 during periods of gloom and gone past 30 during periods of euphoria. KKR PE ratio will change depending on the future growth rate expectations of investors.

What is 5 year return on KKR & Co Inc's stock?

In the past 10 years, KKR & Co Inc has provided 0.187 (multiply by 100 for percentage) rate of return.